In my opinion, a label reading "grown organically at a local farm" still is not sufficient. The value chain for any food consists of much more than production and distribution, although transportation accounts for a large portion of carbon emissions. The value chain begins with research and development (R&D) and ends with customer service. Other steps in the value chain include quality control, warehousing, and market research. Even with organic production at a local farm, one or more of the remaining steps in the value chain may be inefficient. In fact, less prominent steps usually are. Half-hearted producers and producers who do not control the entire value chain (both are very common) explain these pseudo-green value chains.